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+ + diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile index 2dc6d78..96674b5 100644 --- a/Makefile +++ b/Makefile @@ -1,23 +1,13 @@ -BASE_DIR = $(CURDIR) -OUT_DIR = $(BASE_DIR)/site/ +SOURCE_DIR = $(CURDIR)/ RSYNC_PARAMS = --exclude-from='.rsync-exclude' --delete -avzP -SSH_USER = amin@shemshak.org +SSH_USER = amin@bandali.eu.org SSH_DEST = /var/www/bandali.eu.org/ -all: build - -build: - haunt build - -watch: build - haunt serve --watch +all: deploy deploy: - rsync $(RSYNC_PARAMS) $(OUT_DIR) $(SSH_USER):$(SSH_DEST) - -clean: - [ ! -d $(OUT_DIR) ] || rm -rf $(OUT_DIR) + rsync $(RSYNC_PARAMS) $(SOURCE_DIR) $(SSH_USER):$(SSH_DEST) -.PHONY: clean deploy +.PHONY: deploy diff --git a/arch-macbook-air.html b/arch-macbook-air.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cdf75d --- /dev/null +++ b/arch-macbook-air.html @@ -0,0 +1,310 @@ + + + + + +Arch GNU/Linux on MacBook Air 2013 — Amin Bandali + + + + +
+Amin Bandali's Personal Site +
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+
+

Arch GNU/Linux on MacBook Air 2013

+

Published on November 1, 2016
+Last updated on March 27, 2020

+
+ +

This post summarizes how I install and dual-boot Arch GNU/Linux +with Full-Disk Encryption alongside macOS. It is not meant to be a +replacement for the +Installation +Guide or the former +Beginner's +Guide. Rather, it mostly serves as a small summary with a few +useful notes about the gotchas.

+ +

So, make sure you understand what you type into your terminal. If +you don't, checking out the Arch wiki should probably be your first +step.

+ +

Note: you will need internet access throughout the +installation and the MacBook Air's WiFi doesn't work out of the box on +Arch. I recommend using an Ethernet-USB adapter or your phone's USB +Tethering feature (if it does support it).

+ +

Shrinking the macOS partition

+

The first step I take is resizing the HFS+ macOS partition to make +room for the new GNU/Linux installation. There are plenty of +tutorials on how to do this using macOS's Disk Utility, so do that and +then come back!

+ +

Creating a bootable Arch Installer USB

+

There are different ways of creating a bootable Arch USB, all +documented on the +USB +flash installation media page on the Arch wiki, but the simplest +one is using dd if you already have access to another +UNIX system.

+ +

Warning: make sure you backup the +data on your flash drive, as dd will irrevocably destroy +all data on it.

+ +

Use lsblk to find the name (block device) of your USB drive, then +run dd (as root) as shown below:

+ +
+dd bs=4M if=/path/to/archlinux.iso of=/dev/sdx status=progress && sync
+
+ +

Replace /path/to/archlinux.iso with the path to the +Arch image you have downloaded, and /dev/sdx with your +drive.

+ +

Booting up from the USB

+

After creating the install USB, reboot your laptop and hold the alt +key and boot from the USB.

+ +

When booting is complete and you're presented with the prompt, it's +a good time to make sure you're connected to the internet (see the +note at the top of this post).

+ +

Use ping to verify that you have established a +connection:

+ +
+ping archlinux.org
+
+ +

Updating the system clock

+

Once you're connected to the internet, make sure the system clock +is accurate:

+ +
+timedatectl set-ntp true  # start and enable systemd-timesyncd
+
+ +

You can check the service status using timedatectl +status.

+ +

Partitioning

+

I won't dive into partitioning and instead, I will refer you to the +Partitioning +page of Arch wiki. Of the available partitioning tools, I personally +prefer cfdisk.

+ +

Setting up LVM & LUKS

+

I use an +LVM +on LUKS setup, where I set up LVM on top of the encrypted +partition.

+ +

First, let's set up the underlying encrypted partition:

+ +
+cryptsetup -v --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 512 --hash sha512 \
+           --iter-time 5000 --use-urandom -y luksFormat /dev/sdaX
+
+ +

where /dev/sdaX is the partition you created in the +last step (e.g. /dev/sda4). For more information about +the cryptsetup options, see the +LUKS +encryption options.

+ +

Then we open the container:

+ +
+cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/sdaX lvm
+
+ +

Now it's time to use lvm and prepare the logical volume(s):

+ +
+pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm vgcreate vg /dev/mapper/lvm
+lvcreate --extents +100%FREE -n root vg
+
+ +

This will create a physical volume on the mapping we just opened, +create a volume group named vg on the physical volume, +and create a logical volume named root that spans the +entire volume group. More complex setups are possible thanks to the +great flexibility of lvm.

+ +

We now format the logical volume with ext4:

+ +
+mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/vg-root
+
+ +

Installing the base system

+

Let's mount the logical volume, make a directory for the mount +point of the boot partition, and mount the boot partition +(/dev/sda1):

+ +
+mount /dev/mapper/vg-root /mnt
+mkdir /mnt/boot
+mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
+
+ +

Finally, let's install the base system (and optionally +base-devel):

+ +
+pacstrap /mnt base base-devel
+
+ +

Configuring the system

+

Let's generate the fstab:

+ +
+genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
+
+ +

Use your favorite terminal-based editor, edit the fstab file and +add the discard option for the root partition to enable +TRIM on the SSD.

+ +

Now we change root into our newly installed system and will +configure it. Adjust these according to your own setup.

+ +
+arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash
+passwd # set the root password
+echo myhostname > /etc/hostname # set the hostname
+ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Canada/Eastern /etc/localtime # time zone
+hwclock --systohc --utc # write system clock to hardware clock (UTC)
+useradd -m -G wheel -s /bin/bash myuser # create myuser
+passwd myuser # set the password for myuser
+echo "myuser ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers.d/myuser
+# uncomment en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 and other needed locales in /etc/locale.gen
+locale-gen
+echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
+export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+
+ +

Then adjust the initramfs hooks in +/etc/mkinitcpio.conf and enable the +encrypt and lvm2 hooks, and make sure +keyboard is available before encrypt so you +can actually type in the LUKS password when booting. Your +HOOKS line should look similar to this:

+ +
+HOOKS=(base udev autodetect keyboard keymap consolefont modconf block encrypt lvm2 filesystems fsck)
+
+ +

After adjusting the hooks, build the initramfs:

+ +
+mkinitcpio -p linux
+
+ +

Create the /boot/loader/loader.conf with the following +content (adjust the timeout to your liking):

+ +
+default arch timeout 3
+
+ +

Then create the entry for Arch:

+ +
+mkdir -p /boot/loader/entries
+touch /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf
+
+ +

Now edit /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf to specify the +Arch entry:

+ +
+title Arch GNU/Linux
+linux /vmlinuz-linux
+initrd /intel-ucode.img
+initrd /initramfs-linux.img
+options cryptdevice=/dev/sdaX:vg:allow-discards root=/dev/mapper/vg-root rw
+
+ +

Again, /dev/sdaX is the partition you created in the +partitioning step earlier as the underlying encrypted partition.

+ +

Finally, install the bootloader, exit the chroot, umount and +reboot!

+ +
+bootctl install
+exit
+umount -R /mnt
+reboot
+
+ +

Post-installation recommendations

+

Congratulations! You now have a minimal Arch installation.

+ +

At this point, I usually install my favorite AUR helper, +pacaur, then I +install the +mba6x_bl-dkms +backlight driver to fix the post suspend/resume issue where there's no +brightness after waking up from suspend, and the only available +brightness would be 100%.

+ +
+pacaur -S linux-headers dkms # linux-headers is required for dkms
+pacaur -S broadcom-wl-dkms
+pacaur -S mba6x_bl-dkms
+
+ +

Then, I'd like to install

+
    +
  • input, graphics, and sound drivers,
  • +
  • a desktop environment (I prefer Xfce or LXQt),
  • +
  • a display manager for login screen (lightdm or sddm), and
  • +
  • a network manager (NetworkManager or ConnMan).
  • +
+ +

Check out the +General +recommendations for more details.

+ +

References

+

Here are some resources I've come across each with lots of useful +bits and pieces, about installing Arch on a MacBook:

+ + + +

Got a question or comment? You can find my +email address on my contact page. +:-)

+
+
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BLOCK----- diff --git a/computing.html b/computing.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbce706 --- /dev/null +++ b/computing.html @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ + + + + + +How I do my Computing — Amin Bandali + + + + +
+Amin Bandali's Personal Site +
+ +
+
+
+

How I do my Computing

+

Published on September 14, 2019
+Last updated on November 30, 2019

+
+ +

(Inspired by computing pages of +rms and +Leah Rowe)

+ +

Computers

+

My main computer is a +soon-to-be-librebooted +ThinkPad X200. This is the machine I use the most in or out the +house. I also own and occasionally use a Dell XPS 15 more as a +“Desktop”, and a ThinkPad X220T tablet I use when reading +(and annotating) research papers.

+ +

I also have the privilege of having access to a fleet of beefy +servers through our school's +Computer Science Club, +which I use for some heavier computations every now and +again.

+ +

GNU/Linux distros

+

I've used a large number of GNU/Linux distributions throughout the +years, but as of late, my favourite distros are +Trisquel, +Guix System, and +Debian (with no contrib or +non-free). I mostly use the +GNU Linux-libre kernel. +Guix System comes with GNU Linux-libre out of the box, and on +Debian-based distros I install it from jxself's +APT repository.

+ +

Actual computing

+

I spend most of my time in +GNU Emacs.

+

TODO: elaborate

+ +

Cell phone

+

I have an old Nexus 5 I reluctantly use from time to time. It runs +LineageOS+microG without GApps. Sadly it still requires some blobs +for functioning. I can't wait for lxo's +0G to become a +reality fast enough. +:-)

+ +

Got a question or comment? You can find my +email address on my contact page. +:-)

+
+
+ + + diff --git a/contact.html b/contact.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f296182 --- /dev/null +++ b/contact.html @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ + + + + + +Contact Information — Amin Bandali + + + + +
+Amin Bandali's Personal Site +
+ +
+
+

Contact information

+

Email is by far my preferred method of communication. I may be +contacted at any of the following addresses (choose the one most +closely related):

+ +
    +
  • bandali@gnu.org
  • +
  • bandali@uwaterloo.ca
  • +
  • bandali@csclub.uwaterloo.ca
  • +
+ +

If you want to send me GPG-encrypted mail, you can use my +public key with the +fingerprint BE62 7373 8E61 6D6D 1B3A 08E8 A21A 0202 4881 6103.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
IRCbandali on freenode and +oftc
XMPPbandali@member.fsf.org
Matrix@bandali:matrix.org
Fediverse@bandali@pleroma.site
+ +

Elsewhere

+

You may also find me at a few other places online. Stricken +through accounts are those I don't use anymore, unless absolutely +necessary.

+ + +
+
+ + + diff --git a/cv.html b/cv.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..69c90ed --- /dev/null +++ b/cv.html @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ + + + + + +Curriculum vitae — Amin Bandali + + + + +
+

Curriculum vitae (PDF)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Sitebandali.eu.org
Emailbandali@uwaterloo.ca
Phoneavailable upon request via email
+ +

Education

+ +

Master of Mathematics (Computer Science) | 2018–present

+

University of Waterloo, Canada

+

Supervised by Dr. Nancy Day | GPA: 3.7/4.0 | Expected completion: April 2020

+

Research focusing on formal logic, model checking, and verification.

+ +

B.Sc. Honours Computer Science | 2013–2017

+

York University, Toronto, Canada

+

GPA: 7.84/9.0

Relevant courses: System Specification & +Refinement, Software Requirements Eng., Software Design, Operating +Systems, Computational Complexity, Design & Analysis of Algorithms.

+

Finished first year (2013-14) at Carleton University with +a GPA of 11.0/12.0, then transferred to York University in +Fall 2014.

+ +

Publications

+ +

Listed on my homepage

+ +

Work & Research Experience

+ +

Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo | 2018–present

+

Instructional Apprentice, Teaching Assistant, Research Assistant

+ + + +

EECS +Department, York University | Fall 2017

+

Teaching Assistant

+

EECS 1012: +TA in Fall 2017

+
+ + diff --git a/feed.svg b/feed.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4efd2ef --- /dev/null +++ b/feed.svg @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/gnu.ico b/gnu.ico new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e363826 Binary files /dev/null and b/gnu.ico differ diff --git a/gpl-3.0.html b/gpl-3.0.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3817471 --- /dev/null +++ b/gpl-3.0.html @@ -0,0 +1,698 @@ + + + + + + GNU General Public License v3.0 + + + +
+

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

+

Version 3, 29 June 2007

+ +

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + <https://fsf.org/>

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+ +

11. Patents.

+ +

A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this + License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The + work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”.

+ +

A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims + owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or + hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted + by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, + but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a + consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For + purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant + patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of + this License.

+ +

Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free + patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to + make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and + propagate the contents of its contributor version.

+ +

In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express + agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent + (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to + sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a + party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a + patent against the party.

+ +

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, + and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone + to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a + publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, + then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so + available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the + patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner + consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent + license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have + actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the + covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work + in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that + country that you have reason to believe are valid.

+ +

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or + arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a + covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties + receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify + or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license + you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered + work and works based on it.

+ +

A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within + the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is + conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are + specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered + work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is + in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment + to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying + the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the + parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory + patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work + conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily + for and in connection with specific products or compilations that + contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, + or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

+ +

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting + any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may + otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

+ +

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

+ +

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or + otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not + excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a + covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this + License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may + not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you + to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey + the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this + License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

+ +

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

+ +

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have + permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed + under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single + combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this + License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, + but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, + section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the + combination as such.

+ +

14. Revised Versions of this License.

+ +

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of + the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will + be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to + address new problems or concerns.

+ +

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the + Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General + Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the + option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered + version or of any later version published by the Free Software + Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the + GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published + by the Free Software Foundation.

+ +

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future + versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's + public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you + to choose that version for the Program.

+ +

Later license versions may give you additional or different + permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any + author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a + later version.

+ +

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

+ +

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY + APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT + HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY + OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, + THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR + PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM + IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF + ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

+ +

16. Limitation of Liability.

+ +

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING + WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS + THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY + GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE + USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF + DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD + PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), + EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF + SUCH DAMAGES.

+ +

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

+ +

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided + above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, + reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates + an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the + Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a + copy of the Program in return for a fee.

+ +

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

+ +

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

+ +

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest + possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it + free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

+ +

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest + to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively + state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least + the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

+ +
    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+      
+ +

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

+ +

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short + notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

+ +
    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+      
+ +

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate + parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands + might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.

+ +

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, + if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. + For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see + <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

+ +

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program + into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you + may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with + the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General + Public License instead of this License. But first, please read + <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

+
+ + diff --git a/icon-12px.png b/icon-12px.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fe8b0a Binary files /dev/null and b/icon-12px.png differ diff --git a/icon-16px.png b/icon-16px.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1151f76 Binary files /dev/null and b/icon-16px.png differ diff --git a/index.html b/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c776e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + + + + +Amin Bandali's Personal Site + + + + +
+

Amin Bandali's Personal Site

+
+ +
+
+

Hi, I'm Amin. I am currently a graduate student at the +Waterloo Formal Methods +group at the University of Waterloo, supervised by +Nancy Day. +The main goal of my research is +improving software and systems reliability +through application of +formal methods.

+ +

My research at WatForm focuses on formal logic, model checking, and +verification. I am also interested in programming languages, proof +assistants, and their type systems.

+ +

On the side, I enjoy +hacking on +elisp +and guile. +I am a GNU maintainer and +webmaster, +a free software +activist, and an associate member +of the Free Software Foundation. +I'm the co-host of the Emacs.el +podcast with Daniel Gopar, and +the chief organizer of the +EmacsConf conference. +I'm also a member of the Systems Committee of the +Computer Science Club of +the University of Waterloo.

+
+ +
+

Papers

+
+
A Comparison of the Declarative Modelling Languages B, DASH, and +TLA+ + +[ pdf +| bib +] + +
+
+Ali Abbassi, Amin Bandali, +Nancy A. Day, Jose Serna
+2018 IEEE 8th International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering +Workshop (MoDRE)
+Copyright © 2018 IEEE. All Rights Reserved. Sadly. +
+
+
+ +
+

Talks

+
+
The Magic of Specifications and Type Systems + +[ slides +| poster +] + +
+
+Amin Bandali, +Simon Hudon, +Jonathan S. Ostroff +
+
+
+ +
+

Projects

+

Below are a number of free software projects I have worked on:

+
+
george-mode
+
Emacs major mode for editing George files
+ +
alloy-catalyst
+
Framework for performance analysis of Alloy models
+ +
unitb-web
+
Web interface for Unit-B
+ +
tex2png-hs
+
Library and CLI for converting TeX and LaTeX to PNG images
+
+
+ +
+

Notes

+

Here are notes about a variety of topics and issues I care +about.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
How I do my ComputingSeptember 14, 2019
Arch GNU/Linux on MacBook Air 2013November 1, 2016
+
+
+ + + diff --git a/license.html b/license.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..acd7d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/license.html @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ + + + + + +Licensing Information — Amin Bandali + + + + +
+Amin Bandali's Personal Site +
+ +
+
+

License information for bandali.eu.org

+

I strongly believe in +free culture +and that all creative works everywhere should be +free.

+ +

Unless otherwise noted material on this site is licensed under the +GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software +Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any +later version. A copy of the license is included at +gpl-3.0.html.

+ +

Some resources on free software and licenses:

+ +
+
+ + + diff --git a/reset.css b/reset.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed11813 --- /dev/null +++ b/reset.css @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/* http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/ + v2.0 | 20110126 + License: none (public domain) +*/ + +html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, +a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, +del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, +small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, +b, u, i, center, +dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, +fieldset, form, label, legend, +table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td, +article, aside, canvas, details, embed, +figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, +menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary, +time, mark, audio, video { + margin: 0; + padding: 0; + border: 0; + font-size: 100%; + font: inherit; + vertical-align: baseline; +} +/* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */ +article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, +footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section { + display: block; +} +body { + line-height: 1; +} +ol, ul { + list-style: none; +} +blockquote, q { + quotes: none; +} +blockquote:before, blockquote:after, +q:before, q:after { + content: ''; + content: none; +} +table { + border-collapse: collapse; + border-spacing: 0; +} diff --git a/se212-f19/se212-h02q04d-soln.grg b/se212-f19/se212-h02q04d-soln.grg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e395717 --- /dev/null +++ b/se212-f19/se212-h02q04d-soln.grg @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +#u abandali +#a h02 + +#q q04d + +p <=> q, p & q <=> (p | q) + +#check TP + +p <=> q <-> p & q <=> (p | q) + + 1) p & q <=> (p | q) + 2) (p & q => p | q) & (p | q => p & q) by equiv + 3) (!(p & q) | p | q) & (!(p | q) | p & q) by impl * 2 + 4) (!p | !q | p | q) & (!(p | q) | p & q) by dm + 5) (true | !q | q) & (!(p | q) | p & q) by lem + 6) true & (!(p | q) | p & q) by simp1 + 7) !(p | q) | p & q by simp1 + 8) !p & !q | p & q by dm + 9) (!p & !q | p) & (!p & !q | q) by distr +10) (!p | p) & (!q | p) & (!p | q) & (!q | q) by distr * 2 +11) true & (!q | p) & (!p | q) & true by lem * 2 +12) (!q | p) & (!p | q) by simp1 * 2 +13) (q => p) & (p => q) by impl * 2 +14) p <=> q by equiv diff --git a/se212-f19/se212-t01.html b/se212-f19/se212-t01.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d81cbd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/se212-f19/se212-t01.html @@ -0,0 +1,343 @@ + + + + + + + +Propositional Logic + + + + + + +
+

Propositional Logic +
+(SE 212 TUT 102) +

+ +
+

1 Are you at the right place?

+
+

+We’re in MC 4040, for SE 212 TUT 102 (03:30-04:20W) +

+
+
+ +
+

2

+
+
+

+George +

+
+
+
+ + + +
+

4 Tool support

+
+

+Over the years, students have developed a number of tools for using +George and/or editing .grg files, such as plugins for Vim and Atom. +

+ +

+Check them out at +

+ +
+

+Course website → George User Manual → Contributions +

+
+
+
+ +
+

5 George mode for Emacs (new!)

+
+ +
+
+ +
+

6 a00q01.grg (demo)

+
+

+Walk through answering a00q01.grg and submitting on MarkUs +

+
+
+ +
+

7 Homework 1

+
+
    +
  • Let’s do a couple of questions from Homework 1
  • +
  • Now you try the rest, let me know if you have any questions
  • +
+
+
+
+
+

Date: Wed Sep 11, 2019

+

Author: Amin Bandali

+ +

Created: 2019-09-18 Wed 23:12

+

Validate

+
+ + diff --git a/se212-f19/se212-t01.org b/se212-f19/se212-t01.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12e9cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/se212-f19/se212-t01.org @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +#+macro: topic Propositional Logic + +#+macro: room MC 4040 +#+macro: sec1 SE 212 TUT 101 +#+macro: sec2 SE 212 TUT 102 +#+macro: time1 02:30-03:20W +#+macro: time2 03:30-04:20W + +#+macro: sec {{{sec2}}} +#+macro: sectime {{{time2}}} + +#+title: {{{topic}}} +#+subtitle: ({{{sec}}}) +#+author: Amin Bandali +#+email: bandali@uwaterloo.ca +#+date: Wed Sep 11, 2019 +#+language: en +#+options: email:t num:t toc:nil \n:nil ::t |:t ^:t -:t f:t *:t <:t +#+options: tex:t d:nil todo:t pri:nil tags:not-in-toc +#+select_tags: export +#+exclude_tags: noexport +#+startup: beamer +#+latex_class: beamer +# #+latex_class_options: [bigger] +#+latex_header: \setbeamercovered{transparent} +#+latex: \setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +#+beamer_color_theme: beaver + +* Are you at the right place? + +We’re in {{{room}}}, for {{{sec}}} ({{{sectime}}}) + +* + +#+latex: \definecolor{darkred}{rgb}{0.8,0,0} +#+latex: {\Large \color{darkred} +#+begin_center +George +#+end_center +#+latex: } + +* + +#+latex: \vspace{-2.5em} +file:./george.png + +#+latex: {\footnotesize +https://www.student.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~se212/george/ask-george/ +#+latex: } + +* Tool support + +Over the years, students have developed a number of tools for using +George and/or editing =.grg= files, such as plugins for Vim and Atom. + +Check them out at + +#+begin_center +Course website → George User Manual → Contributions +#+end_center + +* George mode for Emacs (new!) + +- Syntax highlighting + a number of convenience functions +- Grab it from https://git.sr.ht/~bandali/george-mode \\ + (soon on Contributions page) + +* =a00q01.grg= (demo) + +Walk through answering =a00q01.grg= and submitting on MarkUs + +* Homework 1 +:PROPERTIES: +:BEAMER_act: [<+->] +:END: + +- Let’s do a couple of questions from Homework 1 +- Now you try the rest, let me know if you have any questions diff --git a/se212-f19/se212-t05.org b/se212-f19/se212-t05.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a85896d --- /dev/null +++ b/se212-f19/se212-t05.org @@ -0,0 +1,272 @@ +#+title: Predicate Logic +#+subtitle: (SE 212 Tutorial 5) +#+author: Amin Bandali +#+email: bandali@uwaterloo.ca +#+date: Wed Oct 9, 2019 +#+language: en +#+options: email:t num:t toc:nil \n:nil ::t |:t ^:t -:t f:t *:t <:t +#+options: tex:t d:nil todo:t pri:nil tags:not-in-toc +#+select_tags: export +#+exclude_tags: noexport +#+startup: beamer +#+latex_class: beamer +# #+latex_class_options: [bigger] +#+latex_header: \setbeamercovered{transparent} +#+latex: \setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] +#+beamer_color_theme: beaver + +* Today’s plan +:PROPERTIES: +:BEAMER_act: [<+->] +:END: + +- do some semantics questions from homework 4 +- do some ND questions from homework 5 + +* =h04q05= + +Provide a counterexample to show that the following argument is not +valid and demonstrate that your answer is correct. + +#+begin_example +forall y : M . exists x : N . p(g(x), y) +|= +exists z : M . p(z, z) +#+end_example + +* =h04q05= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +Domain: + M = {m1, m2} + N = {n1, n2} + +Mapping: + Syntax | Meaning + -------------------------- + g(.) | G(n1) := m1 + | G(n2) := m2 + -------------------------- + p(., .) | P(m1, m1) := F + | P(m1, m2) := T + | P(m2, m1) := T + | P(m2, m2) := F +#+end_example + +* =h04q05= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +Premise: + [forall y : M . exists x : N . p(g(x), y)] + = [exists x: N. p(g(x), ^m1)] AND + [exists x: N . p(g(x), ^m2)] + = (P(G(n1), m1) OR P(G(n2), m1)) AND + (P(G(n1), m2) OR P(G(n2), m2)) + = (P(m1, m1) OR P(m2, m1)) AND + (P(m1, m2) OR P(m2, m2)) + = (F OR T) AND (T OR F) + = T +#+end_example + +* =h04q05= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +Conclusion: + [exists z: M . p(z, z)] + = P(m1, m1) OR P(m2, m2) + = F OR F + = F +#+end_example + +* =h04q06= + +Express the following sentences in predicate logic. Use types in your +formalization. Is the set of formulas consistent? Demonstrate that +your answer is correct using the semantics of predicate logic. + +#+begin_example +All programmer like some computers. +Some programmers use MAC. +Therefore, some people who like some computers use MAC. +#+end_example + +* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} + +All programmer like some computers.\\ +Some programmers use MAC.\\ +Therefore, some people who like some computers use MAC. + +#+begin_example +Formalization: + programmer(x) means x is a programmer + usesmac(x) means x uses MAC + likes(x, y) means x likes y + +forall x: Person . programmer(x) => + exists y: Computer . likes(x, y), +exists x: Person . programmer(x) & usesmac(x) +|- +exists x: Person . + (exists y: Computer . likes(x, y) & usesmac(x)) +#+end_example + +* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} + +These sentences are /consistent/. Here is an interpretation in which +all the formulas are T: + +#+begin_example +Domain: + People = {John} + Computer = {MacPro} + +Mapping: + Syntax | Meaning + ------------------------------------------- + programmer(.) | programmer(John) = T + likes(.,.) | likes(John, MacPro) = T + usesmac(.) | usesmac(John) = T +#+end_example + +* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +formula 1: + [forall x: Person . programmer(x) => + exists y: Computer . likes(x, y)] + = [programmer(^John) => + exists y: Computer . likes(^John, y)]] + = programmer(John) IMP likes(John, MacPro) + = T IMP T + = T + +formula 2: + [exists x: Person . programmer(x) & usesmac(x)] + = programmer(John) AND usesmac(John) + = T AND T + = T +#+end_example + +* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +formula 3: + [exists x: Person . (exists y: Computer . + likes(x, y) & usesmac(x))] + = [exists y: Computer . + likes(^John, y) & usesmac(^John)] + = likes(John, MacPro) AND usesmac(John) + = T AND T + = T +#+end_example + +* =h05q01a= + +If the following arguments are valid, use natural deduction AND +semantic tableaux to prove them; otherwise, provide a counterexample. + +#+begin_example +forall x . s(x) | t(x), +forall x . s(x) => t(x) & k(c, x), +forall x . t(x) => m(x) +|- +m(c) +where c is a constant +#+end_example + +* =h05q01a= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +#check ND +forall x . s(x) | t(x), +forall x . s(x) => t(x) & k(c, x), +forall x . t(x) => m(x) +|- +m(c) +#+end_example + +* =h05q01a= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +1) forall x . s(x) | t(x) premise +2) forall x . s(x) => t(x) & k(c, x) premise +3) forall x . t(x) => m(x) premise +4) s(c) | t(c) by forall_e on 1 +5) s(c) => t(c) & k(c, c) by forall_e on 2 +6) t(c) => m(c) by forall_e on 3 +7) case s(c) { + 8) t(c) & k(c, c) by imp_e on 5, 7 + 9) t(c) by and_e on 8 + 10) m(c) by imp_e on 6, 9 +} +11) case t(c) { + 12) m(c) by imp_e on 6, 11 +} +13) m(c) by cases on 4, 7-10, 11-12 +#+end_example + +* =h05q01b= + +Is this formula a tautology? + +#+begin_example +|- (exists x . p(x)) => forall y . p(y) +#+end_example + +* =h05q01b= \small{(cont’d)} + +No, this formula is not a tautology. Interpretation: + +#+begin_example +1) Domain = {a, b} + +2) Mapping: + Syntax | Meaning + ---------------------- + p(.) | P(a) = T + | P(b) = F + +Conclusion: + [(exists x. p(x)) => forall y. p(y)] += (P(a) OR P(b)) IMP (P(a) AND P(b)) += (T OR F) IMP (T AND F) += T IMP F += F +#+end_example + +* =h05q01d= + +Is this argument valid? + +#+begin_example +forall x . p(x) | q(x), +forall x . !p(x) +|- +forall x . q(x) +#+end_example + +* =h05q01d= \small{(cont’d)} + +#+begin_example +#check ND + +forall x . p(x) | q(x), forall x . !p(x) |- forall x . q(x) + +1) forall x . p(x) | q(x) premise +2) forall x . !p(x) premise +3) for every xg { + 4) p(xg) | q(xg) by forall_e on 1 + 5) case p(xg) { + 6) !p(xg) by forall_e on 2 + 7) q(xg) by not_e on 5, 6 + } + 8) case q(xg) {} + 9) q(xg) by cases on 4, 5-7, 8-8 +} +10) forall x. q(x) by forall_i on 3-9 +#+end_example + +* Announcements + +- no tutorial next week (Oct 16) (reading week) +- no tutorial the week after (Oct 23) (midterm marking) diff --git a/static/404.html b/static/404.html deleted file mode 100644 index ca2de28..0000000 --- a/static/404.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - 404 Not Found - - - -
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404

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- - diff --git a/static/bandali-pubkey.txt b/static/bandali-pubkey.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 551889f..0000000 --- a/static/bandali-pubkey.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,391 +0,0 @@ ------BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- - -mQINBFvGws8BEACyFkdcw1wRg42V1VBOjG/oWiuODYzRgaG/4U9kJe6RPTh5lY/2 -rSzmPVL5s3i2xSbONH74mzaEc+5tSNUTXUqNHr7PgDSo0mysI49KGep8SywFzBbe -EEOThMnndQxJlYhWHs2fYayF821rsF+84BwfQYzx/WxaXw2tYSbNlcFqRTvkaoNt -5oFFgPswOXI51zQ+ieCQs6ccoV/hbhj3R/MkjHF1vhDfmT3tAyxyV20rWaMlIQAf -oJKxqHwPnsHZkvDJqo/LtofwzHr5fygT8uwqqTU4FaQ5OjTHIpnACF2pFnmxABLx -Or31Z0UNjzW8ScZlnKizH9fSpHhKUpUyfd5j+IA+LZJ1odY0R10GICreXLeH9nfu -Fc3ill8U/c2+q6DJBaGXyruAvD1en3APiWMA5+qLfvR2CWg14lBD/+7I1WSUeLzj -xOajMR2KgxOfJ0JzNV8NFw7Sx9Hn61/y0nxoeMLhuCAW4n4i9/KFbms9iRDk4o6r -d7eisHNbOxmgyHnDDUmCc+CLqSJNpQz6ROFL0OBHTZdOpwwiFNzhd7r8DqYLw8/C -CY4yAHD8/h7YRpZ3HySNmanQM9Hmf212V5C2kHwNO2PHdzxx+wz0vW4B7K9KMz8E -URBwbqXda+1k5mYxCnaRNiuUOHAL2RjDeop/cNPlUCvi7RPIwie9eK7JiQARAQAB 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-vhM+q4339VYMt/RYM0PIraejWttGAtb6bQ== -=7ozV ------END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- diff --git a/static/feed.svg b/static/feed.svg deleted file mode 100644 index 4efd2ef..0000000 --- a/static/feed.svg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - diff --git a/static/gnu.ico b/static/gnu.ico deleted file mode 100644 index e363826..0000000 Binary files a/static/gnu.ico and /dev/null differ diff --git a/static/gpl-3.0.html b/static/gpl-3.0.html deleted file mode 100644 index 30acfc3..0000000 --- a/static/gpl-3.0.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,698 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - GNU General Public License v3.0 - - - -
-

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

-

Version 3, 29 June 2007

- -

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - <https://fsf.org/>

- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies - of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

- -

Preamble

- -

The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for - software and other kinds of works.

- -

The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed - to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, - the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to - share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free - software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the - GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to - any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to - your programs, too.

- -

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not - price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you - have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for - them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you - want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new - free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

- -

To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you - these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have - certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if - you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.

- -

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether - gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same - freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive - or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they - know their rights.

- -

Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: - (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License - giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.

- -

For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains - that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and - authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as - changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to - authors of previous versions.

- -

Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run - modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer - can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of - protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic - pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to - use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we - have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those - products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we - stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions - of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.

- -

Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. - States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of - software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to - avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could - make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that - patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.

- -

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and - modification follow.

- -

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

- -

0. Definitions.

- -

“This License” refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.

- -

“Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of - works, such as semiconductor masks.

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“The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this - License. Each licensee is addressed as “you”. “Licensees” and - “recipients” may be individuals or organizations.

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To “modify” a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work - in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an - exact copy. The resulting work is called a “modified version” of the - earlier work or a work “based on” the earlier work.

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A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work based - on the Program.

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To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without - permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for - infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a - computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, - distribution (with or without modification), making available to the - public, and in some countries other activities as well.

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To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables other - parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through - a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.

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An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal Notices” - to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible - feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) - tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the - extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the - work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If - the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a - menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.

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The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work - for making modifications to it. “Object code” means any non-source - form of a work.

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The “System Libraries” of an executable work include anything, other - than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of - packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major - Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that - Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an - implementation is available to the public in source code form. A - “Major Component”, in this context, means a major essential component - (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system - (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to - produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.

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The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users - can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding - Source.

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The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that - same work.

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2. Basic Permissions.

- -

All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of - copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated - conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited - permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a - covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its - content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your - rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.

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You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not - convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains - in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose - of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you - with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with - the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do - not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works - for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction - and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of - your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.

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Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under - the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 - makes it unnecessary.

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3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.

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No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological - measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article - 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or - similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such - measures.

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When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid - circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention - is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to - the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or - modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's - users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of - technological measures.

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4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.

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You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you - receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and - appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; - keep intact all notices stating that this License and any - non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; - keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all - recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.

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You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, - and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.

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5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.

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You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to - produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the - terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

- - - -

A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent - works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, - and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, - in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an - “aggregate” if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not - used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users - beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work - in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other - parts of the aggregate.

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6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

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You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms - of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the - machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, - in one of these ways:

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A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded - from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be - included in conveying the object code work.

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“Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods, - procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install - and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from - a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must - suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object - code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because - modification has been made.

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If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or - specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as - part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the - User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a - fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the - Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied - by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply - if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install - modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has - been installed in ROM).

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Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, - in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly - documented (and with an implementation available to the public in - source code form), and must require no special password or key for - unpacking, reading or copying.

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7. Additional Terms.

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“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this - License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. - Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall - be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent - that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions - apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately - under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by - this License without regard to the additional permissions.

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When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option - remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of - it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own - removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place - additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, - for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

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Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you - add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of - that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

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All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further - restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you - received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is - governed by this License along with a term that is a further - restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains - a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this - License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms - of that license document, provided that the further restriction does - not survive such relicensing or conveying.

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If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you - must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the - additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating - where to find the applicable terms.

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8. Termination.

- -

You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly - provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or - modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under - this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third - paragraph of section 11).

- -

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your - license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) - provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and - finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright - holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means - prior to 60 days after the cessation.

- -

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is - reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the - violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have - received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that - copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after - your receipt of the notice.

- -

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the - licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under - this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently - reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same - material under section 10.

- -

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

- -

You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or - run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work - occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission - to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, - nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or - modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do - not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a - covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

- -

10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

- -

Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically - receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and - propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible - for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

- -

An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an - organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an - organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered - work results from an entity transaction, each party to that - transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever - licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could - give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the - Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if - the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

- -

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the - rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may - not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of - rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation - (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that - any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for - sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

- -

11. Patents.

- -

A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this - License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The - work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”.

- -

A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims - owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or - hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted - by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, - but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a - consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For - purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant - patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of - this License.

- -

Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free - patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to - make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and - propagate the contents of its contributor version.

- -

In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express - agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent - (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to - sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a - party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a - patent against the party.

- -

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, - and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone - to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a - publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, - then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so - available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the - patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner - consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent - license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have - actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the - covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work - in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that - country that you have reason to believe are valid.

- -

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or - arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a - covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties - receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify - or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license - you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered - work and works based on it.

- -

A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within - the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is - conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are - specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered - work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is - in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment - to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying - the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the - parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory - patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work - conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily - for and in connection with specific products or compilations that - contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, - or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

- -

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting - any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may - otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

- -

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

- -

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or - otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not - excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a - covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this - License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may - not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you - to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey - the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this - License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

- -

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

- -

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have - permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed - under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single - combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this - License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, - but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, - section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the - combination as such.

- -

14. Revised Versions of this License.

- -

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of - the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will - be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to - address new problems or concerns.

- -

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the - Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General - Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the - option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered - version or of any later version published by the Free Software - Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the - GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published - by the Free Software Foundation.

- -

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future - versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's - public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you - to choose that version for the Program.

- -

Later license versions may give you additional or different - permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any - author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a - later version.

- -

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

- -

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY - APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT - HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY - OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, - THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR - PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM - IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF - ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

- -

16. Limitation of Liability.

- -

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING - WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS - THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY - GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE - USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF - DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD - PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), - EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF - SUCH DAMAGES.

- -

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

- -

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided - above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, - reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates - an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the - Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a - copy of the Program in return for a fee.

- -

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

- -

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

- -

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest - possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it - free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

- -

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest - to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively - state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least - the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

- -
    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
-    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
-
-    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-    GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-      
- -

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

- -

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short - notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

- -
    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
-    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
-    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
-    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
-      
- -

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate - parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands - might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.

- -

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, - if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. - For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see - <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

- -

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program - into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you - may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with - the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General - Public License instead of this License. But first, please read - <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

-
- - diff --git a/static/icon-12px.png b/static/icon-12px.png deleted file mode 100644 index 3fe8b0a..0000000 Binary files a/static/icon-12px.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/static/icon-16px.png b/static/icon-16px.png deleted file mode 100644 index 1151f76..0000000 Binary files a/static/icon-16px.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/static/reset.css b/static/reset.css deleted file mode 100644 index ed11813..0000000 --- a/static/reset.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,48 +0,0 @@ -/* http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/ - v2.0 | 20110126 - License: none (public domain) -*/ - -html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, -h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, -a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, -del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, -small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, -b, u, i, center, -dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li, -fieldset, form, label, legend, -table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td, -article, aside, canvas, details, embed, -figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, -menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary, -time, mark, audio, video { - margin: 0; - padding: 0; - border: 0; - font-size: 100%; - font: inherit; - vertical-align: baseline; -} -/* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */ -article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, -footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section { - display: block; -} -body { - line-height: 1; -} -ol, ul { - list-style: none; -} -blockquote, q { - quotes: none; -} -blockquote:before, blockquote:after, -q:before, q:after { - content: ''; - content: none; -} -table { - border-collapse: collapse; - border-spacing: 0; -} diff --git a/static/se212-f19/se212-h02q04d-soln.grg b/static/se212-f19/se212-h02q04d-soln.grg deleted file mode 100644 index e395717..0000000 --- a/static/se212-f19/se212-h02q04d-soln.grg +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -#u abandali -#a h02 - -#q q04d - -p <=> q, p & q <=> (p | q) - -#check TP - -p <=> q <-> p & q <=> (p | q) - - 1) p & q <=> (p | q) - 2) (p & q => p | q) & (p | q => p & q) by equiv - 3) (!(p & q) | p | q) & (!(p | q) | p & q) by impl * 2 - 4) (!p | !q | p | q) & (!(p | q) | p & q) by dm - 5) (true | !q | q) & (!(p | q) | p & q) by lem - 6) true & (!(p | q) | p & q) by simp1 - 7) !(p | q) | p & q by simp1 - 8) !p & !q | p & q by dm - 9) (!p & !q | p) & (!p & !q | q) by distr -10) (!p | p) & (!q | p) & (!p | q) & (!q | q) by distr * 2 -11) true & (!q | p) & (!p | q) & true by lem * 2 -12) (!q | p) & (!p | q) by simp1 * 2 -13) (q => p) & (p => q) by impl * 2 -14) p <=> q by equiv diff --git a/static/se212-f19/se212-t01.html b/static/se212-f19/se212-t01.html deleted file mode 100644 index d81cbd7..0000000 --- a/static/se212-f19/se212-t01.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,343 +0,0 @@ - - - - - - - -Propositional Logic - - - - - - -
-

Propositional Logic -
-(SE 212 TUT 102) -

- -
-

1 Are you at the right place?

-
-

-We’re in MC 4040, for SE 212 TUT 102 (03:30-04:20W) -

-
-
- -
-

2

-
-
-

-George -

-
-
-
- - - -
-

4 Tool support

-
-

-Over the years, students have developed a number of tools for using -George and/or editing .grg files, such as plugins for Vim and Atom. -

- -

-Check them out at -

- -
-

-Course website → George User Manual → Contributions -

-
-
-
- -
-

5 George mode for Emacs (new!)

-
- -
-
- -
-

6 a00q01.grg (demo)

-
-

-Walk through answering a00q01.grg and submitting on MarkUs -

-
-
- -
-

7 Homework 1

-
-
    -
  • Let’s do a couple of questions from Homework 1
  • -
  • Now you try the rest, let me know if you have any questions
  • -
-
-
-
-
-

Date: Wed Sep 11, 2019

-

Author: Amin Bandali

- -

Created: 2019-09-18 Wed 23:12

-

Validate

-
- - diff --git a/static/se212-f19/se212-t01.org b/static/se212-f19/se212-t01.org deleted file mode 100644 index 12e9cdd..0000000 --- a/static/se212-f19/se212-t01.org +++ /dev/null @@ -1,78 +0,0 @@ -#+macro: topic Propositional Logic - -#+macro: room MC 4040 -#+macro: sec1 SE 212 TUT 101 -#+macro: sec2 SE 212 TUT 102 -#+macro: time1 02:30-03:20W -#+macro: time2 03:30-04:20W - -#+macro: sec {{{sec2}}} -#+macro: sectime {{{time2}}} - -#+title: {{{topic}}} -#+subtitle: ({{{sec}}}) -#+author: Amin Bandali -#+email: bandali@uwaterloo.ca -#+date: Wed Sep 11, 2019 -#+language: en -#+options: email:t num:t toc:nil \n:nil ::t |:t ^:t -:t f:t *:t <:t -#+options: tex:t d:nil todo:t pri:nil tags:not-in-toc -#+select_tags: export -#+exclude_tags: noexport -#+startup: beamer -#+latex_class: beamer -# #+latex_class_options: [bigger] -#+latex_header: \setbeamercovered{transparent} -#+latex: \setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] -#+beamer_color_theme: beaver - -* Are you at the right place? - -We’re in {{{room}}}, for {{{sec}}} ({{{sectime}}}) - -* - -#+latex: \definecolor{darkred}{rgb}{0.8,0,0} -#+latex: {\Large \color{darkred} -#+begin_center -George -#+end_center -#+latex: } - -* - -#+latex: \vspace{-2.5em} -file:./george.png - -#+latex: {\footnotesize -https://www.student.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~se212/george/ask-george/ -#+latex: } - -* Tool support - -Over the years, students have developed a number of tools for using -George and/or editing =.grg= files, such as plugins for Vim and Atom. - -Check them out at - -#+begin_center -Course website → George User Manual → Contributions -#+end_center - -* George mode for Emacs (new!) - -- Syntax highlighting + a number of convenience functions -- Grab it from https://git.sr.ht/~bandali/george-mode \\ - (soon on Contributions page) - -* =a00q01.grg= (demo) - -Walk through answering =a00q01.grg= and submitting on MarkUs - -* Homework 1 -:PROPERTIES: -:BEAMER_act: [<+->] -:END: - -- Let’s do a couple of questions from Homework 1 -- Now you try the rest, let me know if you have any questions diff --git a/static/se212-f19/se212-t05.org b/static/se212-f19/se212-t05.org deleted file mode 100644 index a85896d..0000000 --- a/static/se212-f19/se212-t05.org +++ /dev/null @@ -1,272 +0,0 @@ -#+title: Predicate Logic -#+subtitle: (SE 212 Tutorial 5) -#+author: Amin Bandali -#+email: bandali@uwaterloo.ca -#+date: Wed Oct 9, 2019 -#+language: en -#+options: email:t num:t toc:nil \n:nil ::t |:t ^:t -:t f:t *:t <:t -#+options: tex:t d:nil todo:t pri:nil tags:not-in-toc -#+select_tags: export -#+exclude_tags: noexport -#+startup: beamer -#+latex_class: beamer -# #+latex_class_options: [bigger] -#+latex_header: \setbeamercovered{transparent} -#+latex: \setbeamertemplate{itemize items}[circle] -#+beamer_color_theme: beaver - -* Today’s plan -:PROPERTIES: -:BEAMER_act: [<+->] -:END: - -- do some semantics questions from homework 4 -- do some ND questions from homework 5 - -* =h04q05= - -Provide a counterexample to show that the following argument is not -valid and demonstrate that your answer is correct. - -#+begin_example -forall y : M . exists x : N . p(g(x), y) -|= -exists z : M . p(z, z) -#+end_example - -* =h04q05= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -Domain: - M = {m1, m2} - N = {n1, n2} - -Mapping: - Syntax | Meaning - -------------------------- - g(.) | G(n1) := m1 - | G(n2) := m2 - -------------------------- - p(., .) | P(m1, m1) := F - | P(m1, m2) := T - | P(m2, m1) := T - | P(m2, m2) := F -#+end_example - -* =h04q05= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -Premise: - [forall y : M . exists x : N . p(g(x), y)] - = [exists x: N. p(g(x), ^m1)] AND - [exists x: N . p(g(x), ^m2)] - = (P(G(n1), m1) OR P(G(n2), m1)) AND - (P(G(n1), m2) OR P(G(n2), m2)) - = (P(m1, m1) OR P(m2, m1)) AND - (P(m1, m2) OR P(m2, m2)) - = (F OR T) AND (T OR F) - = T -#+end_example - -* =h04q05= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -Conclusion: - [exists z: M . p(z, z)] - = P(m1, m1) OR P(m2, m2) - = F OR F - = F -#+end_example - -* =h04q06= - -Express the following sentences in predicate logic. Use types in your -formalization. Is the set of formulas consistent? Demonstrate that -your answer is correct using the semantics of predicate logic. - -#+begin_example -All programmer like some computers. -Some programmers use MAC. -Therefore, some people who like some computers use MAC. -#+end_example - -* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} - -All programmer like some computers.\\ -Some programmers use MAC.\\ -Therefore, some people who like some computers use MAC. - -#+begin_example -Formalization: - programmer(x) means x is a programmer - usesmac(x) means x uses MAC - likes(x, y) means x likes y - -forall x: Person . programmer(x) => - exists y: Computer . likes(x, y), -exists x: Person . programmer(x) & usesmac(x) -|- -exists x: Person . - (exists y: Computer . likes(x, y) & usesmac(x)) -#+end_example - -* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} - -These sentences are /consistent/. Here is an interpretation in which -all the formulas are T: - -#+begin_example -Domain: - People = {John} - Computer = {MacPro} - -Mapping: - Syntax | Meaning - ------------------------------------------- - programmer(.) | programmer(John) = T - likes(.,.) | likes(John, MacPro) = T - usesmac(.) | usesmac(John) = T -#+end_example - -* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -formula 1: - [forall x: Person . programmer(x) => - exists y: Computer . likes(x, y)] - = [programmer(^John) => - exists y: Computer . likes(^John, y)]] - = programmer(John) IMP likes(John, MacPro) - = T IMP T - = T - -formula 2: - [exists x: Person . programmer(x) & usesmac(x)] - = programmer(John) AND usesmac(John) - = T AND T - = T -#+end_example - -* =h04q06= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -formula 3: - [exists x: Person . (exists y: Computer . - likes(x, y) & usesmac(x))] - = [exists y: Computer . - likes(^John, y) & usesmac(^John)] - = likes(John, MacPro) AND usesmac(John) - = T AND T - = T -#+end_example - -* =h05q01a= - -If the following arguments are valid, use natural deduction AND -semantic tableaux to prove them; otherwise, provide a counterexample. - -#+begin_example -forall x . s(x) | t(x), -forall x . s(x) => t(x) & k(c, x), -forall x . t(x) => m(x) -|- -m(c) -where c is a constant -#+end_example - -* =h05q01a= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -#check ND -forall x . s(x) | t(x), -forall x . s(x) => t(x) & k(c, x), -forall x . t(x) => m(x) -|- -m(c) -#+end_example - -* =h05q01a= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -1) forall x . s(x) | t(x) premise -2) forall x . s(x) => t(x) & k(c, x) premise -3) forall x . t(x) => m(x) premise -4) s(c) | t(c) by forall_e on 1 -5) s(c) => t(c) & k(c, c) by forall_e on 2 -6) t(c) => m(c) by forall_e on 3 -7) case s(c) { - 8) t(c) & k(c, c) by imp_e on 5, 7 - 9) t(c) by and_e on 8 - 10) m(c) by imp_e on 6, 9 -} -11) case t(c) { - 12) m(c) by imp_e on 6, 11 -} -13) m(c) by cases on 4, 7-10, 11-12 -#+end_example - -* =h05q01b= - -Is this formula a tautology? - -#+begin_example -|- (exists x . p(x)) => forall y . p(y) -#+end_example - -* =h05q01b= \small{(cont’d)} - -No, this formula is not a tautology. Interpretation: - -#+begin_example -1) Domain = {a, b} - -2) Mapping: - Syntax | Meaning - ---------------------- - p(.) | P(a) = T - | P(b) = F - -Conclusion: - [(exists x. p(x)) => forall y. p(y)] -= (P(a) OR P(b)) IMP (P(a) AND P(b)) -= (T OR F) IMP (T AND F) -= T IMP F -= F -#+end_example - -* =h05q01d= - -Is this argument valid? - -#+begin_example -forall x . p(x) | q(x), -forall x . !p(x) -|- -forall x . q(x) -#+end_example - -* =h05q01d= \small{(cont’d)} - -#+begin_example -#check ND - -forall x . p(x) | q(x), forall x . !p(x) |- forall x . q(x) - -1) forall x . p(x) | q(x) premise -2) forall x . !p(x) premise -3) for every xg { - 4) p(xg) | q(xg) by forall_e on 1 - 5) case p(xg) { - 6) !p(xg) by forall_e on 2 - 7) q(xg) by not_e on 5, 6 - } - 8) case q(xg) {} - 9) q(xg) by cases on 4, 5-7, 8-8 -} -10) forall x. q(x) by forall_i on 3-9 -#+end_example - -* Announcements - -- no tutorial next week (Oct 16) (reading week) -- no tutorial the week after (Oct 23) (midterm marking) diff --git a/static/style.css b/static/style.css deleted file mode 100644 index f236c92..0000000 --- a/static/style.css +++ /dev/null @@ -1,209 +0,0 @@ -body { - /* background: #fffffa; 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