Arch GNU/Linux on MacBook Air 2013

Published on November 1, 2016
+Last updated on March 27, 2020

+ +

This post summarizes how I install and dual-boot Arch GNU/Linux +with Full-Disk Encryption alongside macOS. It is not meant to be a +replacement for the +Installation +Guide or the former +Beginner's +Guide. Rather, it mostly serves as a small summary with a few +useful notes about the gotchas.

+ +

So, make sure you understand what you type into your terminal. If +you don't, checking out the Arch wiki should probably be your first +step.

+ +

Note: you will need internet access throughout the +installation and the MacBook Air's WiFi doesn't work out of the box on +Arch. I recommend using an Ethernet-USB adapter or your phone's USB +Tethering feature (if it does support it).

+ +

Shrinking the macOS partition

The first step I take is resizing the HFS+ macOS partition to make +room for the new GNU/Linux installation. There are plenty of +tutorials on how to do this using macOS's Disk Utility, so do that and +then come back!

+ +

Creating a bootable Arch Installer USB

There are different ways of creating a bootable Arch USB, all +documented on the +USB +flash installation media page on the Arch wiki, but the simplest +one is using dd if you already have access to another +UNIX system.

+ +

Warning: make sure you backup the +data on your flash drive, as dd will irrevocably destroy +all data on it.

+ +

Use lsblk to find the name (block device) of your USB drive, then +run dd (as root) as shown below:

+ +

+dd bs=4M if=/path/to/archlinux.iso of=/dev/sdx status=progress && sync
+

+ +

Replace /path/to/archlinux.iso with the path to the +Arch image you have downloaded, and /dev/sdx with your +drive.

+ +

Booting up from the USB

After creating the install USB, reboot your laptop and hold the alt +key and boot from the USB.

+ +

When booting is complete and you're presented with the prompt, it's +a good time to make sure you're connected to the internet (see the +note at the top of this post).

+ +

Use ping to verify that you have established a +connection:

+ +

+ping archlinux.org
+

+ +

Updating the system clock

Once you're connected to the internet, make sure the system clock +is accurate:

+ +

+timedatectl set-ntp true  # start and enable systemd-timesyncd
+

+ +

You can check the service status using timedatectl +status.

+ +

Partitioning

I won't dive into partitioning and instead, I will refer you to the +Partitioning +page of Arch wiki. Of the available partitioning tools, I personally +prefer cfdisk.

+ +

Setting up LVM & LUKS

I use an +LVM +on LUKS setup, where I set up LVM on top of the encrypted +partition.

+ +

First, let's set up the underlying encrypted partition:

+ +

+cryptsetup -v --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 512 --hash sha512 \
+           --iter-time 5000 --use-urandom -y luksFormat /dev/sdaX
+

+ +

where /dev/sdaX is the partition you created in the +last step (e.g. /dev/sda4). For more information about +the cryptsetup options, see the +LUKS +encryption options.

+ +

Then we open the container:

+ +

+cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/sdaX lvm
+

+ +

Now it's time to use lvm and prepare the logical volume(s):

+ +

+pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm vgcreate vg /dev/mapper/lvm
+lvcreate --extents +100%FREE -n root vg
+

+ +

This will create a physical volume on the mapping we just opened, +create a volume group named vg on the physical volume, +and create a logical volume named root that spans the +entire volume group. More complex setups are possible thanks to the +great flexibility of lvm.

+ +

We now format the logical volume with ext4:

+ +

+mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/vg-root
+

+ +

Installing the base system

Let's mount the logical volume, make a directory for the mount +point of the boot partition, and mount the boot partition +(/dev/sda1):

+ +

+mount /dev/mapper/vg-root /mnt
+mkdir /mnt/boot
+mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
+

+ +

Finally, let's install the base system (and optionally +base-devel):

+ +

+pacstrap /mnt base base-devel
+

+ +

Configuring the system

Let's generate the fstab:

+ +

+genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
+

+ +

Use your favorite terminal-based editor, edit the fstab file and +add the discard option for the root partition to enable +TRIM on the SSD.

+ +

Now we change root into our newly installed system and will +configure it. Adjust these according to your own setup.

+ +

+arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash
+passwd # set the root password
+echo myhostname > /etc/hostname # set the hostname
+ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Canada/Eastern /etc/localtime # time zone
+hwclock --systohc --utc # write system clock to hardware clock (UTC)
+useradd -m -G wheel -s /bin/bash myuser # create myuser
+passwd myuser # set the password for myuser
+echo "myuser ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers.d/myuser
+# uncomment en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 and other needed locales in /etc/locale.gen
+locale-gen
+echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
+export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+

+ +

Then adjust the initramfs hooks in +/etc/mkinitcpio.conf and enable the +encrypt and lvm2 hooks, and make sure +keyboard is available before encrypt so you +can actually type in the LUKS password when booting. Your +HOOKS line should look similar to this:

+ +

+HOOKS=(base udev autodetect keyboard keymap consolefont modconf block encrypt lvm2 filesystems fsck)
+

+ +

After adjusting the hooks, build the initramfs:

+ +

+mkinitcpio -p linux
+

+ +

Create the /boot/loader/loader.conf with the following +content (adjust the timeout to your liking):

+ +

+default arch timeout 3
+

+ +

Then create the entry for Arch:

+ +

+mkdir -p /boot/loader/entries
+touch /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf
+

+ +

Now edit /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf to specify the +Arch entry:

+ +

+title Arch GNU/Linux
+linux /vmlinuz-linux
+initrd /intel-ucode.img
+initrd /initramfs-linux.img
+options cryptdevice=/dev/sdaX:vg:allow-discards root=/dev/mapper/vg-root rw
+

+ +

Again, /dev/sdaX is the partition you created in the +partitioning step earlier as the underlying encrypted partition.

+ +

Finally, install the bootloader, exit the chroot, umount and +reboot!

+ +

+bootctl install
+exit
+umount -R /mnt
+reboot
+

+ +

Post-installation recommendations

Congratulations! You now have a minimal Arch installation.

+ +

At this point, I usually install my favorite AUR helper, +pacaur, then I +install the +mba6x_bl-dkms +backlight driver to fix the post suspend/resume issue where there's no +brightness after waking up from suspend, and the only available +brightness would be 100%.

+ +

+pacaur -S linux-headers dkms # linux-headers is required for dkms
+pacaur -S broadcom-wl-dkms
+pacaur -S mba6x_bl-dkms
+

+ +

Then, I'd like to install

input, graphics, and sound drivers,
a desktop environment (I prefer Xfce or LXQt),
a display manager for login screen (lightdm or sddm), and
a network manager (NetworkManager or ConnMan).

+ +

Check out the +General +recommendations for more details.

+ +

References

Here are some resources I've come across each with lots of useful +bits and pieces, about installing Arch on a MacBook:

+ +

Got a question or comment? You can find my +email address on my contact page. +:-)

Curriculum vitae (PDF)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Site	bandali.eu.org
Email	bandali@uwaterloo.ca
Phone	available upon request via email

+ +

Education

+ +

Master of Mathematics (Computer Science) | 2018âpresent

University of Waterloo, Canada

Supervised by Dr. Nancy Day | GPA: 3.7/4.0 | Expected completion: April 2020

Research focusing on formal logic, model checking, and verification.

+ +

B.Sc. Honours Computer Science | 2013â2017

York University, Toronto, Canada

GPA: 7.84/9.0

Relevant courses: System Specification & +Refinement, Software Requirements Eng., Software Design, Operating +Systems, Computational Complexity, Design & Analysis of Algorithms.

Finished first year (2013-14) at Carleton University with +a GPA of 11.0/12.0, then transferred to York University in +Fall 2014.

+ +

Publications

+ +

Listed on my homepage

+ +

Work & Research Experience

+ +

Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo | 2018âpresent

Instructional Apprentice, Teaching Assistant, Research Assistant

+ +

SE 212: +IA in Fall 2019, +TA in Fall 2018
SE 463: +TA in Summer 2019 and 2018
CS 136: +TA in Winter 2018

+ +

EECS +Department, York University | Fall 2017

Teaching Assistant

EECS 1012: +TA in Fall 2017

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+ +

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+ +

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

+ +

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or + otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not + excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a + covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this + License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may + not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you + to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey + the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this + License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

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+ +

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+ +

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+ +

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If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided + above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, + reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates + an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the + Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a + copy of the Program in return for a fee.

+ +

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

+ +

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

+ +

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest + possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it + free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

+ +

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest + to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively + state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least + the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

+ +

    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+

+ +

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

+ +

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short + notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

+ +

    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+

+ +

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate + parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands + might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.

+ +

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, + if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. + For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see + <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

+ +

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program + into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you + may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with + the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General + Public License instead of this License. But first, please read + <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

Hi, I'm Amin. I am currently a graduate student at the +Waterloo Formal Methods +group at the University of Waterloo, supervised by +Nancy Day. +The main goal of my research is +improving software and systems reliability +through application of +formal methods.

+ +

My research at WatForm focuses on formal logic, model checking, and +verification. I am also interested in programming languages, proof +assistants, and their type systems.

+ +

On the side, I enjoy +hacking on +elisp +and guile. +I am a GNU maintainer and +webmaster, +a free software +activist, and an associate member +of the Free Software Foundation. +I'm the co-host of the Emacs.el +podcast with Daniel Gopar, and +the chief organizer of the +EmacsConf conference. +I'm also a member of the Systems Committee of the +Computer Science Club of +the University of Waterloo.

+ +

Papers

A Comparison of the Declarative Modelling Languages B, DASH, and +TLA⁺ + +[ pdf +| bib +] + +: +Ali Abbassi, Amin Bandali, +Nancy A. Day, Jose Serna
+2018 IEEE 8th International Model-Driven Requirements Engineering +Workshop (MoDRE)
+Copyright Â© 2018 IEEE. All Rights Reserved. Sadly. +

+ +

Talks

The Magic of Specifications and Type Systems + +[ slides +| poster +] + +: +Amin Bandali, +Simon Hudon, +Jonathan S. Ostroff +

+ +

Projects

Below are a number of free software projects I have worked on:

george-mode: Emacs major mode for editing George files
alloy-catalyst: Framework for performance analysis of Alloy models
unitb-web: Web interface for Unit-B
tex2png-hs: Library and CLI for converting TeX and LaTeX to PNG images

+ +

Notes

Here are notes about a variety of topics and issues I care +about.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +

How I do my Computing	September 14, 2019
Arch GNU/Linux on MacBook Air 2013	November 1, 2016

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

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10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

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Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically - receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and - propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible - for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

- -

An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an - organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an - organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered - work results from an entity transaction, each party to that - transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever - licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could - give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the - Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if - the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

- -

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the - rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may - not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of - rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation - (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that - any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for - sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

- -

11. Patents.

- -

A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this - License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The - work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”.

- -

A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims - owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or - hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted - by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, - but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a - consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For - purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant - patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of - this License.

- -

Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free - patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to - make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and - propagate the contents of its contributor version.

- -

In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express - agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent - (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to - sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a - party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a - patent against the party.

- -

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, - and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone - to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a - publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, - then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so - available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the - patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner - consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent - license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have - actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the - covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work - in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that - country that you have reason to believe are valid.

- -

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or - arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a - covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties - receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify - or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license - you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered - work and works based on it.

- -

A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within - the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is - conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are - specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered - work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is - in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment - to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying - the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the - parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory - patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work - conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily - for and in connection with specific products or compilations that - contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, - or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

- -

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting - any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may - otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

- -

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

- -

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or - otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not - excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a - covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this - License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may - not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you - to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey - the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this - License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

- -

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

- -

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have - permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed - under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single - combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this - License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, - but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, - section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the - combination as such.

- -

14. Revised Versions of this License.

- -

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of - the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will - be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to - address new problems or concerns.

- -

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the - Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General - Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the - option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered - version or of any later version published by the Free Software - Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the - GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published - by the Free Software Foundation.

- -

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future - versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's - public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you - to choose that version for the Program.

- -

Later license versions may give you additional or different - permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any - author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a - later version.

- -

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

- -

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY - APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT - HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY - OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, - THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR - PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM - IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF - ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

- -

16. Limitation of Liability.

- -

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING - WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS - THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY - GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE - USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF - DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD - PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), - EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF - SUCH DAMAGES.

- -

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

- -

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided - above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, - reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates - an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the - Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a - copy of the Program in return for a fee.

- -

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

- -

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

- -

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest - possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it - free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

- -

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest - to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively - state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least - the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

- -

    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
-    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
-
-    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-    (at your option) any later version.
-
-    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-    GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-

- -

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

- -

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short - notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

- -

    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
-    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
-    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
-    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
-

- -

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate - parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands - might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.

- -

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, - if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. - For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see - <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

- -

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program - into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you - may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with - the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General - Public License instead of this License. But first, please read - <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

IRC	bandali on freenode and +oftc
XMPP	bandali@member.fsf.org
Matrix	@bandali:matrix.org
Fediverse	@bandali@pleroma.site

404

Shrinking the macOS partition

Creating a bootable Arch Installer USB

Booting up from the USB

Updating the system clock

Partitioning

Setting up LVM & LUKS

Installing the base system

Configuring the system

Post-installation recommendations

References

Computers

GNU/Linux distros

Actual computing

Cell phone

Contact information

Elsewhere

Curriculum vitae (PDF)

Education

Master of Mathematics (Computer Science) | 2018âpresent

B.Sc. Honours Computer Science | 2013â2017

Publications

Work & Research Experience

Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo | 2018âpresent

EECS +Department, York University | Fall 2017

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Preamble

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

0. Definitions.

1. Source Code.

2. Basic Permissions.

3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.

4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.

5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.

6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

7. Additional Terms.

8. Termination.

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

11. Patents.

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

14. Revised Versions of this License.

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

16. Limitation of Liability.

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

Papers

Talks

Projects

Notes

License information for bandali.eu.org

Propositional Logic + +(SE 212 TUT 102) +

1 Are you at the right place?

2

3

4 Tool support

5 George mode for Emacs (new!)

6 a00q01.grg (demo)

7 Homework 1

404

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Preamble

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

0. Definitions.

1. Source Code.

2. Basic Permissions.

3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.

4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.

5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.

6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

7. Additional Terms.

8. Termination.

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

11. Patents.

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

14. Revised Versions of this License.

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

Master of Mathematics (Computer Science) | 2018âpresent

B.Sc. Honours Computer Science | 2013â2017

Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo | 2018âpresent

Propositional Logic +
+(SE 212 TUT 102) +

6 `a00q01.grg` (demo)

Propositional Logic -
-(SE 212 TUT 102) -

6 `a00q01.grg` (demo)