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   1 #+title: sources of aminb.org's pages and posts
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  10
  11 * Home
  12 :PROPERTIES:
  13 :EXPORT_HUGO_SECTION: /
  14 :EXPORT_FILE_NAME: _index
  15 :END:
  16
  17 I'm a [[/uw][graduate student]] in the [[https://watform.uwaterloo.ca][WatForm]] group at University of Waterloo,
  18 supervised by [[https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~nday/][Dr. Nancy Day]].  I'm interested in using formal methods,
  19 especially type systems, to help make software more reliable.
  20
  21 * Pages
  22 :PROPERTIES:
  23 :EXPORT_HUGO_SECTION: /
  24 :EXPORT_HUGO_MENU: :menu topnav
  25 :END:
  26
  27 ** CV
  28 :PROPERTIES:
  29 :EXPORT_FILE_NAME: cv
  30 :END:
  31
  32 My academic {{{abbr(CV)}}} is available as [[/cv.pdf][cv.pdf]],
  33 and an outdated professional resume is available as [[/resume.pdf][resume.pdf]] as
  34 well.
  35
  36 I'm interested in functional programming and functional languages,
  37 type systems, and formal methods in general.  I love writing Haskell
  38 and I'm looking into Rust and Lean as well.  Feel free to [[/contact][drop me a
  39 line]] if you like to geek out about any of the above.
  40
  41 ** TODO Now
  42
  43 ** TODO Projects
  44
  45 ** TODO Contact
  46
  47 * Posts
  48 :PROPERTIES:
  49 :EXPORT_HUGO_SECTION: post
  50 :EXPORT_HUGO_MENU: :menu main
  51 :EXPORT_HUGO_AUTO_SET_LASTMOD: t
  52 :END:
  53
  54 ** Arch GNU/Linux on MacBook Air 2013                         :arch:macbook:
  55 :PROPERTIES:
  56 :EXPORT_FILE_NAME: arch-macbook-air
  57 :EXPORT_DATE: 2016-11-01
  58 :EXPORT_OPTIONS: ^:{}
  59 :EXPORT_HUGO_MENU: :menu main
  60 :EXPORT_HUGO_ALIASES: /2016/11/arch-macbook-air
  61 :EXPORT_HUGO_CUSTOM_FRONT_MATTER: :toc true
  62 :END:
  63
  64 This post summarizes how I install and dual-boot Arch GNU/Linux with
  65 Full-Disk Encryption alongside macOS.  It is not meant to be a
  66 replacement for the [[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/installation_guide][Installation Guide]] or the former [[https://csdietz.github.io/arch-beginner-guide/][Beginner's Guide]].
  67 Rather, it mostly serves as a small summary with a few useful notes
  68 about the gotchas.
  69
  70 So, make sure you understand what you type into your terminal.  If you
  71 don't, checking out the Arch wiki should probably be your first step.
  72
  73 /Note:/ you will need internet access throughout the installation and
  74 the MacBook Air's WiFi doesn't work out of the box on Arch.  I
  75 recommend using your phone's USB Tethering (if it does support it), or
  76 using an Ethernet-USB adapter.
  77
  78 *** Shrinking the macOS partition
  79
  80 The first step I take is resizing the HFS+ macOS partition to make
  81 room for the new {{{abbr(GNU/Linux)}}} installation.  There are plenty
  82 of tutorials on how to do this using macOS's Disk Utility, so do that
  83 and then come back!
  84
  85 *** Creating a bootable Arch Installer USB
  86
  87 There are different ways of creating a bootable Arch USB, all
  88 documented on the [[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/USB_flash_installation_media][USB flash installation media]] page on the Arch wiki,
  89 but the simplest one is using =dd= if you already have access to
  90 another UNIX system.
  91
  92 {{{span(red,Warning:)}}} make sure you backup the data on your flash
  93 drive, as =dd= will irrevocably destroy all data on it.
  94
  95 Use =lsblk= to find the name (block device) of your USB drive, then
  96 run =dd= (as root) as shown below:
  97
  98 #+begin_src bash
  99 dd bs=4M if=/path/to/archlinux.iso of=/dev/sdx status=progress && sync
 100 #+end_src
 101
 102 Replace =/path/to/archlinux.iso= with the path to the Arch image you
 103 have downloaded, and =/dev/sdx= with your drive.
 104
 105 *** Booting up from the USB
 106
 107 After creating the install USB, reboot your laptop and hold the alt
 108 key and boot into the USB.
 109
 110 When booting is complete and you're presented with the prompt, it's a
 111 good time to make sure you're connected to the internet (see the
 112 /note/ at the top of this post).
 113
 114 Use =ping= to verify that you've established a connection:
 115
 116 #+begin_src bash
 117 ping archlinux.org
 118 #+end_src
 119
 120 *** Updating the system clock
 121
 122 Once you're connected to the internet, make sure the system clock is
 123 accurate:
 124
 125 #+begin_src bash
 126 timedatectl set-ntp true  # start and enable systemd-timesyncd
 127 #+end_src
 128
 129 You can check the service status using =timedatectl status=.
 130
 131 *** Partitioning
 132 :PROPERTIES:
 133 :CUSTOM_ID: partitioning
 134 :END:
 135
 136 I won't dive into partitioning and instead, I'll refer you to the
 137 [[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Partitioning][Partitioning]] page of Arch wiki. Of the available partitioning tools, I
 138 personally prefer =cfdisk=.
 139
 140 *** Setting up LVM & LUKS
 141
 142 I use a [[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system#LVM_on_LUKS][LVM on LUKS]] setup, where I set up LVM on top of the encrypted
 143 partition.
 144
 145 First, let's set up the underlying encrypted partition:
 146
 147 #+begin_src bash
 148 cryptsetup -v --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 512 --hash sha512 \
 149            --iter-time 5000 --use-urandom -y luksFormat /dev/sdaX
 150 #+end_src
 151
 152 where =/dev/sdaX= is the partition you created in the last step
 153 (e.g. =/dev/sda4=). For more information about the =cryptsetup=
 154 options, see the [[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Device_encryption#Encryption_options_for_LUKS_mode][LUKS encryption options]].
 155
 156 Then we open the container:
 157
 158 #+begin_src bash
 159 cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/sdaX lvm
 160 #+end_src
 161
 162 Now it's time to use lvm and prepare the logical volume(s):
 163
 164 #+begin_src bash
 165 pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm
 166 vgcreate vg /dev/mapper/lvm
 167 lvcreate --extents +100%FREE -n root vg
 168 #+end_src
 169
 170 This will create a physical volume on the mapping we just opened,
 171 create a volume group named =vg= on the physical volume, and create a
 172 logical volume named =root= that spans the entire volume group. More
 173 complex setups are possible thanks to the great flexibility of lvm.
 174
 175 We now format the logical volume with =ext4=:
 176
 177 #+begin_src bash
 178 mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/vg-root
 179 #+end_src
 180
 181 *** Installing the base system
 182
 183 Let's mount the logical volume, make a directory for the mount point
 184 of the boot partition, and mount the boot partition (=/dev/sda1=):
 185
 186 #+begin_src bash
 187 mount /dev/mapper/vg-root /mnt
 188 mkdir /mnt/boot
 189 mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
 190 #+end_src
 191
 192 Finally, let's install the base system (and optionally =base-devel=):
 193
 194 #+begin_src bash
 195 pacstrap /mnt base base-devel
 196 #+end_src
 197
 198 *** Configuring the system
 199
 200 Let's generate the fstab:
 201
 202 #+begin_src bash
 203 genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
 204 #+end_src
 205
 206 Use your favorite terminal-based editor, edit the fstab file and add
 207 the =discard= option for the root partition to enable TRIM on the SSD.
 208
 209 Now we change root into our newly installed system and will configure
 210 it. Adjust these according to your own setup.
 211
 212 #+begin_src bash
 213 arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash
 214 passwd  # set the root password
 215 echo myhostname > /etc/hostname  # set the hostname
 216 ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Canada/Eastern /etc/localtime  # time zone
 217 hwclock --systohc --utc   # write system clock to hardware clock (UTC)
 218 useradd -m -G wheel -s /bin/bash myuser  # create myuser
 219 passwd myuser  # set the password for myuser
 220 echo "myuser ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers.d/myuser
 221 # uncomment en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 and other needed locales in /etc/locale.gen
 222 locale-gen
 223 echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
 224 export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
 225 #+end_src
 226
 227 Then adjust the initramfs hooks in =/etc/mkinitcpio.conf= and enable
 228 the =encrypt= and =lvm2= hooks, and make sure =keyboard= is available
 229 before =encrypt= so you can actually type in the LUKS password when
 230 booting. Your =HOOKS= line should look similar to this:
 231
 232 #+begin_src
 233 HOOKS="base udev autodetect modconf block keyboard encrypt lvm2 filesystems fsck"
 234 #+end_src
 235
 236 After adjusting the hooks, build the initramfs:
 237
 238 #+begin_src bash
 239 mkinitcpio -p linux
 240 #+end_src
 241
 242 Now, install the =intel-ucode= package. We'll configure the bootloader
 243 to enable intel microcode updates.
 244
 245 #+begin_src bash
 246 pacman -S intel-ucode
 247 #+end_src
 248
 249 Create the =/boot/loader/loader.conf= with the following content
 250 (adjust the timeout to your liking):
 251
 252 #+begin_src
 253 default arch
 254 timeout 3
 255 #+end_src
 256
 257 Then create the entry for Arch:
 258
 259 #+begin_src bash
 260 mkdir -p /boot/loader/entries
 261 touch /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf
 262 #+end_src
 263
 264 Now edit =/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf= to specify the Arch entry:
 265
 266 #+begin_src
 267 title    Arch GNU/Linux
 268 linux    /vmlinuz-linux
 269 initrd   /intel-ucode.img
 270 initrd   /initramfs-linux.img
 271 options  cryptdevice=/dev/sdaX:vg:allow-discards root=/dev/mapper/vg-root rw
 272 #+end_src
 273
 274 Again, =/dev/sdaX= is the partition you created in the [[#partitioning][partitioning]]
 275 step as the underlying encrypted partition.
 276
 277 Finally, install the bootloader, exit the chroot, umount and reboot!
 278
 279 #+begin_src bash
 280 bootctl install
 281 exit
 282 umount -R /mnt
 283 reboot
 284 #+end_src
 285
 286 *** Post-installation recommendations
 287
 288 Congratulations! You now have a minimal Arch installation.
 289
 290 At this point, I usually install my favorite AUR helper, [[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/pacaur/][pacaur]], then
 291 I install the [[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/broadcom-wl-dkms/][broadcom-wl-dkms]] wireless driver and [[https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/mba6x_bl-dkms/][mba6x_bl-dkms]]
 292 backlight driver to fix the post suspend/resume issue where three's no
 293 brightness after waking up from suspend, and the only available
 294 brightness would be 100%.
 295
 296 #+begin_src bash
 297 pacaur -S linux-headers dkms  # linux-headers is required for dkms
 298 pacaur -S broadcom-wl-dkms
 299 pacaur -S mba6x_bl-dkms
 300 #+end_src
 301
 302 Then, I'd like to install
 303
 304 - input, graphics, and sound drivers,
 305 - a desktop environment (I prefer Xfce or LXQt),
 306 - a display manager for login screen (lightdm or sddm), and
 307 - a network manager (NetworkManager or ConnMan).
 308
 309 Check out the [[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/General_recommendations][General recommendations]] for more details.
 310
 311 *** References
 312
 313 Here are some resources I've come across each with lots of useful bits
 314 and pieces, about installing Arch on a MacBook:
 315
 316 - [[https://github.com/pandeiro/arch-on-air][pandeiro/arch-on-air]]
 317 - [[https://loicpefferkorn.net/2015/01/arch-linux-on-macbook-pro-retina-2014-with-dm-crypt-lvm-and-suspend-to-disk/][Arch Linux on MacBook Pro Retina 2014 with DM-Crypt, LVM and suspend to disk]]
 318 - [[http://frankshin.com/installing-archlinux-on-macbook-air-2013/][Installing Archlinux on Macbook Air 2013]]
 319 - [[http://panks.me/posts/2013/06/arch-linux-installation-with-os-x-on-macbook-air-dual-boot/][Arch Linux Installation with OS X on Macbook Air (Dual Boot)]]
 320 - [[https://visual-assault.org/2016/03/05/install-encrypted-arch-linux-on-apple-macbook-pro/][Installing (encrypted) Arch Linux on an Apple MacBook Pro]]
 321 - [[http://alexeyzabelin.com/arch-on-mac][Installing Arch Linux on a MacBook Air 2013]]
 322 - [[https://medium.com/phils-thought-bubble-of-recent-stuff/arch-linux-running-on-my-macbook-2ea525ebefe3][Arch Linux running on my MacBook]]
 323 - [[http://codylittlewood.com/arch-linux-on-macbook-pro-installation/][Dual boot Arch Linux on MacBook Pro Installation]]
 324
 325 * Meta
 326 ** Search
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 328 :EXPORT_HUGO_SECTION: /
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